Burial ground, Camlin, Co. Tipperary
Co. Tipperary |
Burial Grounds
At Camlin in County Tipperary, a ringfort contains something that complicates any simple reading of the site: a Christian cemetery predating the earthwork that now surrounds it.
Between twenty and forty adults and juveniles, possibly more, were laid out in the east of the interior, heads to the west in the manner typical of early Christian burial practice. The graves date to roughly the 5th to 7th century AD, and several are unusual even within that tradition. One individual was buried in a slightly flexed position with the knees supported by rocks. Another grave may have held two people. A fifth is either the remains of someone severely trussed before interment or an ossuary pit, a repository for bones gathered from earlier graves, and the distinction matters considerably. No formal grave goods were found with any of them.
What makes the sequence at Camlin particularly telling is what happened next. A ringfort, the familiar enclosed farmstead of early medieval Ireland, consisting of a raised interior surrounded by a bank and ditch, was subsequently constructed across part of this burial ground. The bank itself, which shows signs of having been faced with vertical wattle revetting on both inner and outer sides with a core of mud brick or clunch (a dense clay and stone mix), demonstrably covers some of the earlier graves. This places the construction of the bank and its substantial ditch, four metres wide and up to two metres deep, in a second phase dating to roughly the 7th to 10th century. During that same phase, postholes and pits were cut through the cemetery, and a small bowl furnace was set into the base of the collapsed bank on the south side. On the west of the interior, a building with a large hearth was also identified, near which an iron knife, a copper alloy stick pin, and a flat disc-like metal ornament were recovered. The 1835 Ordnance Survey recorded the whole enclosure as D-shaped; by the 1904 edition it was mapped as circular, suggesting that centuries of agricultural activity, evidenced by the plough furrows that cut across the interior, had already reshaped both the ground and the record of it.



