Enclosure, Ballygarvan, Co. Cork

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Enclosures

Enclosure, Ballygarvan, Co. Cork

Near Ballygarvan in County Cork, a circular enclosure lies almost entirely invisible at ground level, detectable only from aerial photography as a cropmark, the faint discolouration in growing crops that betrays buried ditches and banks beneath the soil.

What the aerial images reveal is a bivallate enclosure, meaning one defined by two concentric rings of bank and ditch rather than a single boundary. The outer bank is unusually narrow, which sets it apart from the more robustly defended ringforts found elsewhere in the region, and a field fence cuts across the site to the northwest, a reminder of how quietly agricultural land use has absorbed these old boundaries over the centuries.

A rath or lios, as such enclosures are commonly called in Ireland, was typically a circular earthwork enclosing a domestic settlement, used from the early medieval period onward. Most were defined by a single bank and ditch, so a bivallate example, however slight the outer ring, suggests either a higher-status enclosure or one that evolved in stages. This particular site may correspond to a reference made by O'Leary in 1918, who noted a levelled lios in the area, implying that even a century ago the earthwork was so reduced as to be barely traceable on the surface. The Geological Survey of Ireland aerial record, catalogued under the reference W262, is what preserves evidence of its form today.

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