Ringfort (Rath), Shanaknock, Co. Cork

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Ringforts

Ringfort (Rath), Shanaknock, Co. Cork

A nineteenth-century railway line clips the southern edge of this early medieval enclosure in Shanaknock, Co. Cork, slicing through earthworks that were already old when the age of steam arrived.

The truncation is a neat, if accidental, illustration of how infrastructure and archaeology have always competed for the same ground in Ireland.

The ringfort, sometimes called a rath, is a type of circular enclosed settlement that was the standard unit of rural life in early medieval Ireland, typically dating from roughly the fifth to the twelfth centuries. Most were farmsteads, their earthen banks and ditches defining the territory of a single family. This example sits on a low rise with the land falling away to the south and west, a position that would have offered reasonable visibility across the surrounding terrain. The enclosure measures about 22.5 metres north to south and is defined by two concentric earthen banks, inner and outer, with a fosse, or ditch, running between them. The entrance, two metres wide, faces north. Inside, a small shed sits off-centre to the west, the most recent in a long line of practical uses the interior has presumably seen. Beneath the surface, there is more to it: a researcher named Bowman recorded in 1934 the presence of a souterrain within the ringfort. A souterrain is an underground stone-lined passage or chamber, typically built during the early medieval period and associated with storage, refuge, or both. Many ringforts contain them, though they are not always visible at ground level.

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